COPD: Pathology of Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis, Spirometry, GOLD Classification and Management

A KMTC respiratory deck that separates chronic bronchitis from the centrilobular, panacinar and paraseptal types of emphysema, then takes the airway and parenchymal pathology, the pulmonary vasculature and the risk factors including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Clinical features run from progressive dyspnoea and wheeze to the barrel-shaped chest, decreased vocal fremitus and tripod positioning. Diagnosis is covered with the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio, spirometry traces, the severity classes, chest x-ray, CT and arterial blood gases, and management with bronchodilators, inhaled glucocorticoids, combination therapy, mucolytics, long-term oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, smoking cessation and the complications of pneumothorax, cor pulmonale and respiratory failure.