Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Therapy, Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes, and Their Complications

A comprehensive deck starting from insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells and normal insulin and glucose levels, then type 1 as autoimmune destruction of those cells, type 2, and gestational diabetes, with their epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and nursing diagnoses. Insulin therapy follows with its types and its own complications, then the acute complications of hypoglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome, and the long-term ones: macrovascular coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral disease, and the microvascular retinopathy, nephropathy and the peripheral, autonomic, radiculoplexus and mono-neuropathies, each with medical and nursing management, foot care and patient education.