PDF Diploma in Clinical Medicine and Surgery

Fluid and Electrolyte Management: Dehydration Types, the Phases of Fluid Replacement and Sodium, Potassium and Calcium Balance

Fluid and electrolyte therapy notes that set the four aims - expanding the extracellular volume and restoring tissue perfusion, replenishing deficits while correcting the acid-base disturbance, meeting nutritional needs and replacing ongoing losses - against the normal plasma values and the daily water intake and output. Water imbalance is divided into hypernatraemic, normonatraemic and hyponatraemic dehydration and into water intoxication, with the phases of replacement from resuscitation through repletion to early recovery, and the assessment by history, examination and laboratory. Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium imbalance then follow in their hypervolaemic, hypovolaemic and normovolaemic patterns with the management of each.

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